Understanding Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws maintained racial segregation in the South beginning in the late 1800s. After slavery ended, many whites feared the  freedom  blacks had. They loathed the idea that it would be possible for African Americans to achieve the same social status as whites if given the same access to employment, healthcare,  housing ,  and education. Already uncomfortable with the gains some blacks made during  Reconstruction, whites took issue with such a prospect. As a result, states began to pass laws that placed a number of restrictions on blacks. Collectively, these laws limited black advancement and ultimately gave blacks the status of second-class citizens. The Origins of Jim Crow Florida became the first state to pass such laws, according to Americas History, Volume 2: Since 1865.  In 1887, the Sunshine State issued a series of regulations that required racial segregation in public transportation and other public facilities. By 1890, the South became fully segregated, meaning that blacks had to drink from different water fountains from whites, use different bathrooms from whites and sit apart from whites in movie theaters, restaurants, and buses. They also attended separate schools and lived in separate neighborhoods. Racial apartheid in the United States soon earned the nickname, Jim Crow. The moniker comes from a 19th-century minstrel song called â€Å"Jump Jim Crow,† popularized by a minstrel performer named Thomas â€Å"Daddy† Rice, who appeared in blackface. The Black Codes, a set of laws Southern states began passing in 1865, after slaverys end, were a precursor to Jim Crow. The codes imposed curfews on blacks, required unemployed blacks to be jailed and mandated that they get white sponsors to live in town or passes from their employers, if they worked in agriculture. The Black Codes even made it difficult for African Americans to hold meetings of any kind, including church services. Blacks who violated these laws could be fined, jailed, if they could not pay the fines, or required to perform forced labor, just as they had while enslaved. Essentially, the codes recreated slavery-like conditions. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments sought to grant more liberties to African Americans. These laws, however, focused on citizenship and suffrage and did not prevent the enactment of Jim Crow laws years later. Segregation did not only function to keep society racially stratified but also resulted in homegrown terrorism against blacks. African Americans who did not obey Jim Crow laws could be beaten, jailed, maimed or lynched. But a black person neednt flout Jim Crow laws to become a target of violent white racism. Black people who carried themselves with dignity, thrived economically, pursued education, dared to exercise their right to vote or rejected the sexual advances of whites could all be targets of white racism. In fact, a black person neednt do anything at all to be victimized in this manner. If a white person simply didnt like the look of a black person, that African American could lose everything, including his life. Legal Challenges to Jim Crow The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) constituted the first major legal challenge to Jim Crow. The plaintiff in the case, Homer Plessy, a Louisiana Creole, was a shoemaker and activist who sat in a whites-only train car, for which he was arrested (as he and fellow activists planned). He fought his removal from the car all the way to the high court, which ultimately decided that separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites werent discriminatory. Plessy, who died in 1925, would not live to see this ruling overturned by the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which found that segregation was indeed discriminatory. Although this case focused on segregated schools, it led to the reversal of laws that enforced segregation in city parks, public beaches, public housing,  interstate and intrastate travel and elsewhere. Rosa Parks famously challenged racial segregation on city buses in Montgomery, Ala., when she refused to relinquish her seat to a white man on Dec. 1, 1955. Her arrest sparked the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott. While Parks challenged segregation on city buses, the activists known as the Freedom Riders challenged Jim Crow in interstate travel in 1961. Jim Crow Today Although racial segregation is illegal today, the United States continues to be a racially stratified society. Black and brown children are much more likely to attend schools with other black and brown children than they are with whites. Schools today are, in fact, more segregated than they were in the 1970s. Residential areas in the U.S. mostly remain segregated as well, and the high numbers of black men in prison mean that a large swathe of the African American population does not have its freedom and is disenfranchised, to boot. Scholar Michelle Alexander coined the term the New Jim Crow to describe this phenomenon.   Similarly, laws that target undocumented immigrants have led to the introduction of the term Juan Crow. Anti-immigrant bills passed in states such as California, Arizona,  and Alabama in recent decades have resulted in unauthorized immigrants living in the shadows, subject to shoddy working conditions, predatory landlords, a lack of healthcare, sexual assault, domestic violence and more. Although some of these laws have been struck down or largely gutted, their passage in various states have created a hostile climate that makes undocumented immigrants feel dehumanized. Jim Crow is a ghost of what it once was but racial divisions continue to characterize American life.

Review Of London Aspects Of Change By Professor Ruth...

INTRO: Gentrification was first introduced in 1964 by Professor Ruth Glass who was and still is a significant figure in urban studies. Problematic relationship between housing and classes in London lead her to investigate further in rapid rise of higher rents, more people buying properties instead of renting, and upgrading the city with more middle or upper class people. In Glass’s book ‘London: Aspects of Change’ she defines gentrification One by one, many of the working class quarters have been invaded by the middle class - upper and lower ... Once this process of gentrification starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed (Glass, 1964). London has been a global centre for around 300 years and is one of the leading cities in the world with a population of 8.60 million that is the highest record hit since 1939 and 270 languages spoken London is most diverse city in the world. More than 20% of the whole population are people that were born abroad and migrated to United Kingdom; some escape the dreadful life they had to live in their home countries, others are upper class people such as investors, bankers, or IT specialists. With rise of population increases the number of people from higher classes so therefore low and working class is disappearing from London. Not only central but also surrounding regions of the city are being transformed into middle orShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. 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This aspect of the consumer economy has merited little attention (Pine and Gil- *Annamma Joy is professor of marketing, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H3G 1M8; e-mail: jjoy@jmsb.Concordia.ca. John F. Sherry, Jr., is professor of marketing, Kellogg School of Business, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; e-mail: jfsherry@kellogg.northwesternRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe great majority of both international and domestic immigrants in the modern era, and that in 2005 became the place of residence for the majority of the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and important differences between industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of politicalRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesresponsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change Strategic leadership Strategy in practice Public sector/not-for-proï ¬ t management Small business strategy ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€" Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. 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Bristol Biomedical Company Free Essays

Bristol biomedical company came into being about ten years ago. It is a small fifty person medical device company. For years it has made sufficient revenue to fulfill the needs of the company and its employees and has also managed to make a profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Bristol Biomedical Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason for preparing a new marketing plan for the company is that the company through the hard work of its workers has invented a new x-ray machine which is both inexpensive and easy to use in a doctor’s office. Therefore a new marketing plan is being devised so as to market the product properly and also to target a vast market. Executive summary: The marketing plan for the Bristol Biomedical Company will consist basically of four steps which will guide our product and ultimately the company towards success; on the basis of these four steps a marketing plan will be developed. These four areas are Organization, Research, Creativity process, and Control. The area relating to organization will relate mainly to the establishment of marketing goals and objectives. The research area will include the outlining of market audit, completing the completion of data and finally analyzing the audit targeting. The creativity process will deal in developing strategies and tactics and finally the control phase will deal with developing an effective control system. Our marketing plan will basically target the first two areas i. e. the organization and the research part and a little of the creativity process and we will also deal with the target market. The organizational and marketing plan will provide a base from which specific marketing goals and objective can be developed. Executive Summary: It should include research paper one material Marketing Plan: The core market objective for the marketing plan for Bristol Biomedical Device Company is for generating enough sales of x-ray machines of high premium qualities. The marketing plan consists of four areas: †¢ Target Marketing †¢ Pricing Strategy †¢ Product †¢ Place Target Marketing: The company must develop an action plan for introducing the x-ray machines into the markets. Within the role of markets the company must target its distribution and promotion to the best prospect groups. These prospects have following characteristics: †¢ They would be early adopters †¢ They would be heavy users †¢ They would be opinion leaders †¢ They could be reached at a low cost Geographically, Seattle is the originator of corporate successes in diverse businesses such as Starbucks, Amazon. com etc. It can be assumed that the diversity found in these successful businesses is due to the diversification of the local people. Seattle’s economic circle is driven by bioinformatics and medical equipment which are trusted for premium quality. There is just one private hospital in Seattle and remaining are mostly government owned institutions. The management can use network planning techniques such as critical path scheduling. Critical path scheduling calls for developing a master chart showing the simultaneous and sequential activities that must take place to launch the product. By estimating how much time each activity takes the management estimates the completion time for the entire project. Any delay in any activity on the critical path will cause the project to be delayed. The management of the Bristol Biomedical Company believes the theory of innovation, diffusion and consumer adoption to identify early adopters. The consumer adoption process is influenced by many factors beyond the marketers control including consumers that are private doctors and dentists and other health organizations willing to try new machines, personal influences and the characteristics of the new x-ray machine innovations. Demographically, variables such as age, income, occupation, religion, race, generation, nationality and social classes are mainly found in Seattle’s population. Seattle locals are entrepreneurial, outdoorsy, rugged yet literate; they have a high sense of understanding. The new x-ray machine with its exclusive features such as being less economical and comprehensible enough to be used in doctors clinics. Situational Analysis: The term situational analysis â€Å"is a shorthand description for keeping track of what is going around you in a complex, dynamic environment†. Situational Analysis helps to keep in mind the uncontrollable factors while making a plan. The situational analysis is an analysis of the market and the competitive forces in terms that most influence revenues. The SWOT analysis gives statements to analysis of marketing. These generally involves analyzing the opportunities available such as customer requirements, product capabilities, cost of services and the price the market will bear to obtain the maximum self income. Several factors maybe responsible for hindrance and weakness: †¢ Social and governmental constraints. †¢ Fragmented markets †¢ Development costs being higher than expected. †¢ Competitors fight back better than expected. Bristol Biomedical Device Company can insure the success by a leading factor of its unique superior x-ray machine for example its higher quality and new features in use. Another key success factor of company is its well defined product concept prior to development where the management carefully analyzes the target market, product requirements and benefits before proceeding. Other success factors for the company are the technological and marketing synergy as Seattle is source of innovations by a scientifically oriented population, quality of execution in all stages and market attractiveness. Pricing Strategy: The main part of the marketing mix plan of the Bristol Biomedical Company Device has set a price for the first time for its success when the firm develops a new innovation and its supplying its machines to a new distributive channel or geographical area and at the time of new contract. The company considers it’s product on quality and price on different levels considering its special needs that is ease and convenience. Each price that the company might charge has different impacts on its marketing obecjectives. The company wants to charge a price that covers it’s cost of producing, distributing and selling the products including a good compensation for it’s efforts and risks. The company should consider value pricing where they charge a relatively low price for high quality pricing and in return they gain more and more customer satisfaction. Planning should take into account costs per unit and display the projected surpluses, losses, subsidiary or contribution towards fixed costs. This information will be critical for: †¢ Pricing policy. †¢ Range of Products and services offered. †¢ Time required in achieving planned objectives. This wall all depend upon the particular circumstances of the organization. Product: Bristol Biomedical Device Company came up with an innovative new product in advanced radiological field through a new x-ray machine to satisfy want and need for medical equipments. The x-ray machine is easy to use and comes at an affordable price and occupies small space. This machine gives the fundamental services or benefits that the health professionals are buying. This x-ray machine is really an augmented product; it gives the total consumption system where the needs and wants are properly accomplished. General Electrics Medical System Division, Japanese model are the real competitors. Siemens and Toshiba are competitors in this radiological field. The Bristol Biomedical Company has no threat by its competitors as its product strategy considers through the five levels of the product. The most fundamental level is the core benefit that the customer is really buying. This x-ray machine includes additional services and benefits that distinguish the company’s offer from that of competitors. Place: The Bristol Biomedical Company has a strong marketing plan for its fulfillment of core marketing objective that is to achieve the maximum number of sales. The increase in demand depends upon the place (marketing mix too) which includes the various activities that market demand is fulfilled, accessible, and available to target marketing. It links various marketing facilitators to supply its product efficiently it also includes the physical distribution firms and their decision making skills. Place is the distribution of the product of sale promotion, advertising, sales force, public relations, direct mail and telemarketing to reach the distribution channels and the target customers According to Corey observation in selecting and marketing channels a distributional system is an important external and internal resources such as manufacturing, research, engineering and field sales personnel and facilities. It represents as well a commitment to a set of policies and practices that constitute the long term relationship with the customer. Determining the types of distribution channels is important because it can have a great impact on sales. The channels should be selected based on those distribution channels that can best satisfy those distribution markets. Developing a comprehensive marketing strategy will enhance the success of the x-ray machine sales. The customer demographic and Psychographic patterns along with competitive product advantages and key product features should be utilized to name the product, project a product image, advertise and package product. The sales force and the distribution channel must be selected and made aware of this product. Bibliography: †¢ Abell, D. (1980). Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning: Prentice-Hall. †¢ Levitt, T. (1986). The Marketing Imagination: Free Press. †¢ Pfeffer, J. , Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: Harper Row. †¢ Peters, T. J. , Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: Harper Row †¢ Kotler, P. (1976) Marketing Management (3rd ed. ): Prentice-Hall . Coltheart, M. , How to cite Bristol Biomedical Company, Papers

Physical Health Status & Analyse Health

Question: Discuss the Case study for Physical Health Status Analyse Health. Answer: Atheroma formation is triggered by the physical or chemical insults to the endothelial barrier of the arteries. Injury to the endothelium can exaggerate by trauma, free radicals due to smoking and pollution, high level of low density lipoproteins and high level of glucose. WBCs are not active in normal condition, however, in case of injury, WBCs get activated in the wall of arteries and produces inflammatory response. In response to inflammation, endothelium of the arteries gives rise to adhesion molecules such as vascular vell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and secretes monocyte chemoattractant protein (MPC-1). VCAM-1 and MPC-1 attracts monocytes and T-lymphocytes to the site on injury by chemokines under the influence of LDL. These monocytes get diffentiated to the macrophases. Macrophases express scavenger receptors and these receptors bind to the modified lipoproteins and appearance of macrophases become foamy which is called macrophage foam cell. Macrophages get encapsulated in th e collagen and smooth muscle and hardened plaque is formed. There is low level of HDL in atheroma formation. High level of HDL prevent atherosclerosis by eliminating cholesterol and inflammatory cells from foam cells (Hao and Friedman, 2014; Libby, 2002). a. Neurovascular assessment of wrist injury includes pain, sensation (paresthesia), motor function (paralysis), temperature (pallor) and pulse. Pain disproportionate to the injury indicates existence of neurovascular problem. Pain due to passive extension and flexion of wrist indicates neurovascular problem. In case of neurovascular problem, there is the decreased or loss of sensation (paresthesia), numbness, dysaesthesia and tingling. Reason behind these observations is nerve obstruction and injury to the peripheral nerve. Motor function (paralysis) also affected in case of neurovascular disease. There is the difficulty in movement in the wrist due to radial nerve and median Nerve. Temperature (pallor) in the affected region either cool due to inadequate arterial supply or hot due to inadequate venous return. Increased swelling is associated with the neurovascular problem. Neurovascular assessment of pulse can be performed by palpable peripheral pulses. In Mr. Marconi high pulse rate is there with weak pluses (Nuber, et al., 1998). a. Request/consent form should be there with information containing Mr Marconi name, date of birth, age, full address, clinical history and medications. Mr Marconi should wear name band. List vital signs recorded at 06:30 List the vital sign Respiratory Rate 21-30 O2 Saturation 93 % O2 Flow Rate 5 (L / min) Systolic BP 120 Heart Rate 90 Temperature 38.6C 4 Hour Urine Output 450 mL Consciousness Alert Abnormal signs: List the vital sign O2 Saturation 93 Slightly hypoxemia Systolic BP 120 Prehypertension (it is clearly mentioned prehypertnesion not hypertension) x 120 is not hypertensive Temperature 38.6C Hyperthermia Respiratory Rate 21-30 Tachycardia ADDS Score : ADDS Score Respiratory Rate 1 O2 Saturation 0 O2 Flow Rate 2 Systolic BP 0 Heart Rate 0 Temperature 2 4 Hour Urine Output 0 Consciousness 0 Total ADDS 5 Nurse should accompany Mr Marconi when he leaves the ward to go to the X-ray department. Polypharmacy is the major cause of fall in the elderly patients. Mr Marconi is on the medicines like atenolol, ramipril, lantus and Lipitor. Most of these medications are for cardiovascular disorders and it is well established that cardiovascular drugs are the cause of fall in elderly patient. Dibetes mellitus is responsible for fall in Mr Marconi because it is evident in literature that fall in elderly patients with diabetes is due to the reduced walking and poorer cognitive performance. Increased vital signs like tachycardia and tachypanea are responsible for fall in Mr Marconi, as these vital signs leads to anxiety and disorientation in Mr Marconi. As Mr Marconi was going to bathroom, when fall occurs and fall of the elderly patient in the bathroom was identified as one of major factor may be sleepy surface in the bathroom. These were the reasons for fall of Mr Marconi (Chester and Rudolph, 2011; Fialova et al., 2005; de Mettelinge et al., 2015). External respiration mainly occurs in the lungs. In external respiration O2 diffuse into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the alveoli. Small amount of oxygen is transported into the lungs in the dissolved form and large amount of oxygen is transported into the blood in haemoglobin bound form in red blood cells. Small amount of carbon dioxide is carried in dissolved form and bound to haemoglobin and large amount is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions. Due to the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli there is the edema formation in the alveoli. This edema formation in the alveoli leads to blocking of air flow in the alveoli and decreases external respiration. This decreased respiration leads to the impaired gas exchange. Thus it results in the alteration on the patients O2:CO2 ratio due to decrease in absorbed oxygen. This results in the increased carbon dioxide level in the blood. Chemical control of breathing is specifically relying on the carbon dioxideintheblood. Increased carbon dioxide level produces increased respiratory rate. This respiratory rate can be measured using spirometer (Lahiri et al., 1978; Brunner, et al., 1982). a. Gases detected in the blood are O2 and CO2. These gases are detected at peripheral chemoreceptors through innervation of glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve b in the carotid arteries and vagus (X) nerve in the aortic arch. These gases are also detected at baroreceptors in the walls of blood vessel. Its control centre respiratory rhythmicity centre is located in the medulla oblongata which includes a dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and a ventral respiratory group (VRG). In Mr d. Marconi SaPO2 is 91% (2L/min). This results in the altered O2:CO2 ratio. In this case it produces decreased level of O2 and increased level of CO2 in the blood. Also fever produces more CO2 in the body. To compensate for the excess production of CO2 , body needs to breathe at faster rate. CO2 is exchanged in the form of bicarnonate ion between alveoli and blood. Increased level of CO2 leads to anaerobic respiration which leads to increased rate of respiration (Lahiri and Forster, 2003; Brendan, et al., 2000). First step in the analysis of sputum sample is to identify type of gram stain. This is called culture method in which sputum sample is incubated on the culture media and this culture media allowed the growth of bacteria. These bacteria can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. If pathogenic bacteria are identified, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed to identify the antibiotic resistance to identified bacteria. This helps in the prescription of the bacteria so that prescribed antibiotic is susceptible to the identified bacteria. Susceptibility testing can be performed using broth micro dilution or rapid automated instrument method (Jorgensen and Ferraro., 2009).a. Sympathetic nerve stimulation 1-adrenoceptors on the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, decreased level of tubular NaCl and decrease in the afferent arteriole pressure leads to renin release. Renin targets angiotensinogen in the liver by converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and this enzyme mainly found in the lung and also found in the endothelial and kidney epithelial cells. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal gland to secret aldosterone which leads to the tubular Na+ Cl- reabsorption and K+ excretion, which leads to the increase in the blood pressure. Angiotensin II acts on the AT1 receptor which releases Ca++, this results in the decreased level of cAMP and increased blood pressure. Ramipril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and it useful in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. (Paul et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2008; Frampton and Peters, 1995) Insulin binds to the extracellular portion of cell membrane-bound insulin receptors. In the presence of insulin molecule, insulin and its receptor gets converted into tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and IRS-1 bound to the activated insulin receptor. This leads to the incorporation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) into the cell membranes of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. GLUT4 promotes uptake of glucose in the tissues from the blood. Insulin also promotes storage of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle in the form of glycogen. It produces this action by activating glycogen synthase enzyme. Insulin leads to the dephosphorylation of phosphofructokinase which leads to the glycolysis i.e. breakdown of glucose (Sonksen and Sonksen 2000; Berg et al., 1995). Abnormal signs O2 Saturation 85-89 % O2 Flow Rate 5 (L / min) Systolic BP 190 Heart Rate 120 Blood glucose level 3.1 mmol/L Urine Leucocytes and ketones Consciousness To Voice Decreased level of consciousness in Mr. Marconi can be concluded form his decreased sleep and his refusal for eating. As a result there is reduced alert, voice, pain, unresponsive (AVPU) scale in Marconi. As, Mr. Marconi is diagnosed with pneumonia, there is increased breathing rate in Mr Marconi. Increased breathing rate is related to the decreased AVPU scale. Impaired glycaemic control is associated with reduced consciousness level. Mr. ,arconi is hypoglycaemic and this hypoglycaemic condition is responsible for the reduced AVPU scale in Mr. Marconi. Mr Marconi consuming four drugs and as a result there is the possibility of drug-drug interaction within these drugs. These drugs can negatively affect treatment of other drugs and can amplify adverse effects of other drugs. Hence consumption of atenolol, ramipril, lantus and lipitor together is responsible for deterioration of the condition of Mr Marconi (Sprague and Arbelez, 2011; Golden et al., 1997). Particularly, Ramipril is unabl e to completely recover hypertension in older patients. If patient stand up from sleeping and seating position, there is the possibility of fall in the patient. References: Berg, JM., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer, L. (1995). Biochemistry. (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Brendan, C., Kevin, G., Cliffoed, W.Z. (2000). The control of breathing in clinical practice. Chest. Brunner, M.J., Sussman, M.S., Greene, A.S, Kallman, C.H., Shoukas, A.A (1982). Carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control respiration. Circulation Research. Chester, J.G., Rudolph, J.L. (2011). Vital signs in older patients: Age-related changes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. de Mettelinge, T.R., Cambier, D., Calders, P., Noortgate, N. V. D., Delbaere, K. (2015). Understanding the Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Falls in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS One, 8(6), e67055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067055. Fialova, D., Topinkova, E., Gambassi, G., Finne-Soveri, H., Jonsson, P., Carpenter, I., et al. (2005). Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. Journal of the American Medical Association. Frampton, J.E, Peters, D.H. (1995). Ramipril. An updated review of its therapeutic use in essential hypertension and heart failure. Drugs. Golden, F.S.C., Tipton, M.J. Scott, R.C. (1997). Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 79, 214-225. Hao, W., Friedman, A. (2014). The LDL-HDL profile determines the risk of atherosclerosis: a mathematical model. PLoS One, 9(3), e90497. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090497. Jorgensen, J.H., and Ferraro, M.J. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: A review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Lahiri, S., Forster, R.E. (2003). CO2/H(+) sensing: Peripheral and central chemoreception. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Lahiri, S., Mokashi, A., Delaney, R.G., Fishman, A.P. (1978). Arterial PO2 and PCO2 stimulus threshold for carotid chemoreceptors and breathing. Respiration Physiology. Libby, P. (2002). Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. Kumar, R., Singh, V.P., Baker, K.M. (2008). The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: implications in cardiovascular remodeling. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. Nuber, G.W., Assenmacher, J., Bowen, M.K. (1998). Neurovascular problems in the forearm, wrist, and hand. Clinics in Sports Medicine. Paul, M., Poyan Mehr, A., Kreutz, R. (2006). Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiological Reviews. Sonksen, P., Sonksen, J. (2000). Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease. British Journal of Anaesthesia. Sprague, J.E. Arbelez, A. M. (2011). Glucose Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews, 9(1), 463475.